The following is a list of specialized vocabulary words used when discussing Islam.  These words and their accompanying definitions are meant to assist readers of The Flying Mufti understand important key concepts.

If you are looking for a word and cannot find it, please feel free to contact us.  If you have a question, chances are others will as well.

-

A

 

Aaron (Arabic Harun) A prophet of Allah, and brother of Moses. Aaron is one of only 25 prophets mentioned in the Quran by name. Aaron is mentioned by name in the Quran twenty-one times. On Muhammad’s famous Night Journey & Ascent to Heaven (Isra & Miraj), Mohammed meets Aaron on the 5th level.

“Then Gabriel ascended with me to the 5th heaven and asked for its gate
to be opened. It was asked, ‘Who is it?’ Gabriel replied, ‘Gabriel.’ It was
asked. ‘Who is accompanying you?’ Gabriel replied, ‘Muhammad.’ It was
asked, ‘Has he been called?’ Gabriel replied in the affirmative. Then it was
said ‘He is welcomed, what an excellent visit his is!’ So when I went over
the fifth heaven, there I saw Harun (i.e. Aaron), Gabriel said, (to me), ‘This
is Aaron; pay him your greetings.’ I greeted him and he returned the
greeting to me and said, ‘You are welcomed, O pious brother and pious
Prophet.’ So when I went (over the 7th heaven), there I saw Abraham.”
(Hadith al-Bukhari, Vol. 5, Book 58, hadith 227)

Aaron and Moses have a sister named, Miriam, according to the Bible. However, in the Quran, the Virgin Mary is called the “Sister of Aaron.” This problem has been explained away by Muslim commentators in two ways. One, the Virgin Mary is a descendant of Aaron, therefore she can be called the “Sister of Aaron”. Two, since God has said it, it is not to be questioned with reasoning.

“Numerous legends occur in the Tafsır literature, including the account of
Aaron’s (Harun’s) death, in which he and his brother Moses (Musa) come
upon a cave in which is a throne marked for the one who fits it. As it is
too small for Moses, Aaron sits in it, at which point the Angel of Death
appears and takes him. Moses is later accused of having killed his brother,
and Aaron appears to testify on his behalf. In the Ismaılı Shıa tradition,
Harun is designated as a hujjah, or living proof of the invisible God, along
with his brother, Musa.”
(Newby, Gordon. A Concise Encyclopedia of Islam. pages 77-78, 2002)

Quran references: 02:248; 04:164; 06:84; 07:111,122,142,150-151; 10:75, 87, 89; 19:28, 53;20:25-36, 42, 70, 90, 92-94; 21:48; 23:44-49; 25:35-36; 26:10-13, 36, 46-48; 28:34-35; 37:114-122.

Hadith References:

Bukhari: Muslim:

Vol. 04, book 54, Hadith 429 Book 01, hadith 309

Vol. 04, book 55, Hadith 606 Book 31, hadith 5,913-5,916

Vol. 05, book 57, Hadith 056 Book 31, hadith 5,914

Vol.05,book58, hadith 227

Vol.05,book59, hadith 700

Vol. 09, book 93, hadith 608

[see Moses, Prophets, Isra, Miraj, Tafsir, Hujjah]

 

Ab – Father

Abu – [see Ab]

Abad (Eternity: without end) – This is to be distinguished from the word Azal, without beginning; Eternity, forever, eternally.

Abadiyah – [see Abad]

Abasa (“He frowned”) – This is the title of the 80th Surah of the Quran. The “He frowned” refers to Mohammad. The story goes that this surah was revealed by God after Mohammad ignored a blind man. The surah, was to reprove Mohammad for his poor behavior.

“He was once deeply and earnestly engaged in trying to explain the Holy
Quran to Pagan Quraysh leaders, when he was interrupted by a blind man,
‘Abd Allah ibn Umm Maktum, one who was also poor, so that no one took
any notice of him. He wanted to learn the Quran. The Holy Prophet
naturally disliked the interruption and showed impatience. Perhaps the poor
man’s feelings were hurt. But he whose gentle heart ever sympathised with
the poor and the afflicted, got Light from above, and without the least
hesitation published this revelation, which forms part of the sacred scripture
of Islam…And the Prophet always afterwards held the man in high honour.”
(Ali, Abdullah Yusuf. The meaning of the Holy Quran. Amana Publications. 2001. page 1599)

Quran references:

He Frowned (80): lines 1-11

“(The Prophet) frowned and turned away, because there came to him the
blind man (interrupting). But what could tell thee but that perchance he
might grow (in spiritual understanding)? Or that he might receive admonition,
and the teaching might profit him? As to one who regards Himself as
self-sufficient, to him dost thou attend; Though it is no blame on thee if he
grow not (in spiritual understanding). But as to him who came to thee striving
earnestly, and with fear (in his heart), of him was thou unmindful. By no
means (should it be so)! Fir it is indeed a message of instruction: therefore
let whoso will, keep it in remembrance.”
(Ali, Abdullah Yusuf. The Meaning of the Holy Quran. 1999. pages 1600-1601)

Hadith references:

Malkis Muwatta: Book 15, The Quran, hadith 008

“Yahya related to me from Malik from Hisham ibn Urwa that his father said
that Abasa (Sura 80) was sent down about Abdullah ibn Umm Maktum. He
came to the Prophet, may Allah bless him and grant him peace, and began
to say, ‘O Muhammad, show me a place near you (where I can sit),’ whilst
one of the leading men of the idol worshippers was in audience with the
Prophet, may Allah bless him and grant him peace. The Prophet, may Allah
bless him and grant him peace, began to turn away from him and give his
attention to the other man, and he said to him, ‘Father of so-and-so, do
you see any harm in what I am saying?’ and he said, ‘No, by the blood (of
our sacrifices) I see no harm in what you are saying.’ And Abasa – ‘He
frowned and turned away when the blind man came’ – was sent down.”

Shamaa-il Tirmidi: Chapter 39, Worship And Devotion, Hadith 001 (248).

“It is mentioned in the above hadith that Allah Ta’aala has forgiven all the
sins of (Mohammad) Sayydina Rasullullah Sallallahu ‘Alayhi Wasallam. A
doubt may arise here, that he committed a sin, but (Allah) Allah Ta’aala
forgave him. Whereas all the Ambiyaa (prophets) are sinless. They do not
commit sins. The ‘ulama (Mulsim theological leaders) have given many
answers to this question, which are mentioned in their respective places.
Especially many answers have been given in tafseer (commentary) Sura
Fath. According to this Humble servant the easiest is: The deeds of the
pious are regarded as a sin for the near one’s to Allah. One commits a
sin according to one’s status. According to the status of (Mohammad)
Sayydina Rasulullah Sallallahu ‘Alayhi Wasallam, that which is considered
to be shortcoming, is of such a nature, that for the rest of us they are
the very essence of devotion. As an example: Mohammad (Sayydina
Rasulullah Sallallahu ‘Alayhi Wasallam) was conferring with the leaders of
the Kuffar (non-muslims) in the hope that they might except Islam. Which
in essence is the core of the deen.

“At that moment a blind man (Sahaabi, Sayydina Ibn Ummi MAKTUM
Radiyallahu ‘Anhu) came to Mohammad (Sayyidina Rasulullah Sallallahu
‘Alayhi Wasallam) and said something. Due to the importance of the
discussion, Mohammad (Sayyidina Rasulullah Sallallahu ‘Alayhi Wasallam)
felt annoyed at the blind man’s intrusion (Sahaabi’s intrusion). On that,
Allah (Allah Ta’aala) admonished Mohammad (Sayyidina Rasulullah Sallallahu
‘Alayhi Wasallam) in the Sura of Abas. In the same manner after the Battle
of Badr,Mohammad (Sayyidina Rasulullah Sallallhu ‘Alayhi Wasallam) treated
the prisoners of war with great kindness and mercy, in the hope that they
would accept Islam, or their offspring would accept Islam. He demanded
money/ransom (took fidyah) from them and freed them. He (Mohammad)
was admonished in the Quran on this (freeing & ransoming captives
rather than killing them). These are such cases, which due to the high
rank of Mohammad (Sayyidina Rasulullah Sallallahu ‘Alayhi Wasallam), are
regarded as shortcomings.”
(Emphasis added to make make the titles readable and text understandable to English readers)

***A note needs to be made, for Christian & Western readers, concerning the 2nd admonition in the above paragraph. The chastisement found in the Quran can be found below:

“It is not for any Prophet to have captives until he has made great slaughter
in the land. You desire the lure of this world and Allah desires (for you) the
Hereafter, and Allah is Mighty, Wise.”
(Pickthall, Mohammed Marmaduke. The Glorious Quran. 2001. page 138)

[see Quran, Abd Allah Ibn Umm Maktun]

Abaya – xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Abbasid – xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Abduh, Mohammed – xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Abu Bakr – He took over leadership, of the Muslim community, after the death of Mohammed. He is referred to as the First Caliph. Abu Bakr was also the father of Mohammed’s wife, Aisha (Aisha was engaged to Mohammed when she was six, and wed to him at nine years old).

Ada - Performing an act of worship on time, on schedule (as opposed to Qada: a delayed performance). Also refers to the payoff of a debt owed.

Adala – The characteristic of being morally upright and just. This is the qualification of being a legally acceptable witness in a Muslim courtroom. (see Adil)

Adha – Animals sacrificed during ‘Id al-Adha. The term Yawm Al-Adha is applied to mean the Id day.

Adhan – The call to prayer. This announcement is made five times a day from the mosque. Each line of the “Call to Prayer” is repeated. The number of repetitions depends on the local tradition and the Sharia school of law the area subscribes to (Hanafi, Shafihi, Maliki, etc…).

Allah is greater
I testify that there is no God but Allah
I testify that Muhammad is the prophet of Allah
Come to prayer
Come to success
Prayer is better than sleep (for early morning prayer)¹
Prayer has begun
Allah is greater
There is no God but Allah²

Adil - A just person, that is, one who avoids major sins (kaba’ir) and does not persist in minor sins. A witness whose testimony is admissible under Islamic law. A just ruler (imam ‘adil) is one who governs in accordance with the dictates of the Sharia. (The Distinguished Jurist’s Primer (1994), pg. 579)

Adilla – The plural of dalil, which means guide. In the technical sense, the term dalil is applied to mean an evidence leading to the discovery of a rule of law (hukm). The term “Adilla Tafsiliyya” is used for specific evidences within the general evidences, like the individual verses of the Quran, and is distinguished from the term “adilla ijmaliyya” insofar as the latter term applies to general evidences that contain the specific evidences; namely, the Quran, Sunna, Ijma, and qiyas.j

Adl – Justice (see Adala and Adil)

Ahad – xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Ahkam – The plural of Hukm (see Hukm)

Ahl Al-Kitab (lit. the People of the Book) –  A title most often used of Jews and Christians, the term has also been applied to Zoroastrians. (Ahl = People, Al = The, Kitab = Book)

Ahl al-Dhimma – Non-Muslims living under the rule of Muslims in an Islamic state. Individuals who must pay the Jizya (special tax for non-Muslims).

Aisha – The daughter of Abu Bakr, the first Caliph. She was married to Mohammad when she was 9 year old.

Alawi – xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Allah – The name, given by Mohammed, as the proper name for the god of Islam.

Allahu Akbar – Although it is usually translated in the press as “god is great”, a more accurate translation is, “God is greater”. It is a comparative.

Alsalaamu Alaykum – Common greeting: means Peace of God be upon you. (response: Wa Alaykum salaam)

Aman – The promise of safe-conduct given by a Muslim to a foreigner, especially an enemy, who wishes to travel to/through the country of the Muslim. However, the Safe Conduct (Aman) of the Muslim is not the same as the Safe Conduct (Aman) expected and understood in the West. With the Aman, the grantor can, if he chooses, sell the foreigner into slavery without committing a crime.

Amin – Amen.

Aminah - The name of Mohammad’s mother.

Amir (Emir, Ameer) – Islamic title that can mean leader, prince, commander or general (see Emir, Ameer).

Amn – This refers to the time that takes place in-between wars.

Anbar – The name given to a whale that was beached when the prophet was alive. The carcass of the whale had come in on the tide. This whale is referred to when deciding whether or not seafood can lawfully be consumed.

Anfal – The “spoils of war” fighters are promised by their commander.

Anwatan – Land overtaken by Muslims by means of force. This is in contrast to Land taken by Muslims via negotiation/voluntary surrender of its occupants. If Muslims have to fight to overtake the land, the land is then treated as a spoil of war and will be distributed. If Muslims come to rule the land through negotiation/voluntary surrender, then the land is not considered a spoil of war. Instead, the land and its occupants will need to start paying tribute to Muslims (see Tax, Khardj).

Apostasy – Leaving the religion of Islam. Turning your back from that which is good (Islam), to that which is bad (Christianity, Atheism, etc). The punishment for men is death. For women, it becomes a little more confusing.

Aqidah – Islamic creed with six parts.

Aqila – The individuals responsible for paying blood money (Diyah) to a victim’s family. This group is usually the paternal side of the perpetrator’s family. The term is also, sometimes, used to refer to a list kept of what money is owed to a Muslim fighter through spoils of war.

Aqiqa – The sacrifice made for newborn children. On the seventh day, after the infant is born, the head of the child is usually shaved. A sacrifice of an animal(s) is then made. Often it is one sheep for a girl and two sheep for a boy. However, there is disagreement about the number of animals depending on the legal orientation of the Muslim. Overall, it is believed that sacrificing a camel is better than sacrificing a cow, which is better than sacrificing a sheep. Depending on which school of law the Muslim is attached to, the sacrifice can be obligatory, recommended, or completely voluntary. Likewise, the shaving of the head.

Araf (Al-A’raf) –
(1) the partition between heaven and hell, described in the Quran, surah VII. 44, “Betwixt the two (heaven and hell) there is a partition, and on Al-Araf are men who know all by their marks; and they shall cry out to the inhabitants of Paradise, ‘peace be upon you!’ (But) they have not (yet) entered it, although they so desire. And when their sight is turned towards the dwellers in the Fire, they say,’ O our Lord, place us not with the unjust people.’”According to Sale, Al-Araf is derived from the verb Arafa, which signifies” to distinguish between things, or to part them”; though some commentators give another reason for the imposition of this name, because, they say, those who stand on this partition will know and distinguish the blessed from the damned by their respective marks or characteristics: and others say the word properly intends anything that is elevated, as such a wall of separation must be supposed to be. Some imagine it to be a sort of limbo for the patriarchs and prophets, or for the martyrs and those who have been most eminent for sanctity. Others place here those whose good and evil works are so equal that they exactly counterpoise each other, and therefore deserve neither reward nor punishment; and these, they say, will on the last day be admitted into Paradise, after they shall have performed an act of adoration which will be imputed to them as a merit, and will make the scale of their good works to preponderate. Others suppose this intermediate space will be a receptacle for those who have gone to war, without their parents’ leave, and therein suffered martyrdom; being excluded from Paradise for their disobedience, and escaping hell because they are martyrs.
(2) the title of surah VII.
(3) a term used by Sufi mystics to express a condition of the mind and soul when meditation on the existence of God in all things. – DI

‘ARAFAH – The vigil of the’Idu ‘l-Acha, or Feast of Sacrifice, when the pilgrims proceed to mount Arafat. ['idu l-acha.] – DI

Arafa – The name of a mountain near Mecca. On day nine of the Hajj, pilgrims go there. The associate the place with the Mt. Arafat of the Bible.

Arafat (or Arafah) – The open” Mount of Recognition,” situated 12 miles from Makkah; the place where the pilgrims stay on the ninth day of the pilgrimage, and recite the midday and afternoon prayers, and hear the Khutbah or sermon. Hence it is a name given to the ninth day of the monthCU ‘L-hSijjah. upon the origin of the name given to this mountain, Burton says,” The Holy Hill owes its name to the following legend: when our first parents forfeited heaven for eating wheat, which deprived them of their primeval purity, they were cast down upon Earth. The serpent descended upon Ispaha, the peacock at Cabul; Satan at Bildays (others say Semnan or Seistan), Yves upon Arafat, and Adam at Ceylon (Sarandib). the latter, determining to seek his wife, began a journey, to which the Earth owes its present mottled appearance. Wherever our first father placed his foot, which was large, a town afterwards arose; and between the strides will always be country. Wandering for many years, he came to the Mountain of Mercy, where our common mother was continually calling upon his name, and their recognition of each other gave the place the name of ‘Arafah.” – DI

Arazi – Lit. “Lands”; The sale of lands. Tombs are not included in the sale of lands. A place or station for casting the harvest is not considered to be amongst the rights and advantages of land, and therefore does not enter into the sale of it. (Baillie’s Law of Sale, pages 54, 55.) [Land.] – DI

Architecture – The term Sarascenic is usually applied by English writers to Muhammadan architecture. But though the style may be traced to the Arabians, they cannot themselves be considered the inventors of it. They had, in fact, no distinctive style of their own when they made their rapid con quests, but adapted existing styles of architecture to meet the religious and national feeling of the Muslims.

Mohammad built a mosque at Medina, but it was an exceedingly simple structure, and he left no directions in the Quran or in the traditions on the subject.

The typical varieties of the earlier Muhammadan architecture are those which appeared in Spain and in Egypt; its latter form appeared in Constantinople. The oldest specimen of Sarascenic architecture in Spain is the mosque of Cordova, which now serves as the Cathedral of the city. It was commenced by the Khalifah ‘Abdu ‘r-Rahman, 786 a.d., with the avowed intention that it should be the finest mosque in the world, and Byzantine architects are said to have been specially invited to superintend its construction the earliest of the Muhammadan buildings in Egypt, of which any portions still remain, is the Mosque of ‘Amr at old Cairo, begun about A.D. 642, but generally altered or rebuilt about 60 years later.

On the capture of Constantinople, St. Sophia was converted by the Muslim conquerors into their chief mosque, and made their architectural model. The older Sarascenic style, as seen at Cordova and old Cairo, continued to be the basis of the new, but it was modified throughout by Byzantine influence in Persia we may clearly trace in Muhammadan buildings the older Persian type, and in India the Sarascenic architecture of the same clients in adopting the styles of the various peoples amongst whom they settled. It thus happens (says Fergusson, in his History of Indian Architecture), that we have at least 12 or 15 different styles of Muhammadan architecture in central Asia and in India.

A striking and distinctive feature in the Muhammadan architecture is the horseshoe arch, which in time gives way to a cusped or scalloped arch, strictly so termed, the outline being produced by intersecting semi-arches. Another variety of Sarascenic arch is the circular headed and stilted form. The pillars are so commonly of exceedingly slender proportions, almost to apparent insecurity; but owing to the style of the embellishment, this lightness of particular forms tends to heighten the general luxuriance. Some of imagined that this element of slenderness in regard to pillars indicates a tent origin of the style. This tentlike character has been further kept up by concave ceilings and cupolas, emblazoned with painting and gilding. Decorations composed of animal and human figures, being interdicted by Muhammadan law [pictures] are not found in Sarascenic architecture; but their geometrical patterns exhibit singular UT and complexity, inexhaustible variety of combinations, and a wonderful degree of harmonious intricacy, arising out of very simple elements. Lattice or open trellis work is another fertile source of embellishment, and is similar to the tracery met with in Gothic buildings. Another characteristic of Sarascenic style is that of the dome. For the most part domes occur in mosques and tombs, and and are of his 18 origin. Minarets are also a special feature in Muhammadan mosques, and contribute much to the picturesqueness of these buildings. They are found in mosques in the leader Sarascenic style. (See Fergusson’s Indian and Eastern Architecture, Mr. Owen Jones’ Alhambra Palace, Hersemer’s Arabische Bauverzierungen.) – DI

Ariah - A kind of sale permitted in Islam, namely, when a person computes what quantity of fruit there is on a tree and sells it before it is plucked. (Mishkat, xii. c. v.) – DI

Ariyah -
(1) a loan for the use of anything of which Qarz cannot be made: e.g. the loan of a horse is Ariyah; the loan of money is Qarz.

(2) a gift, of which the following is an example: a person makes a gift to another of the dates of a Palm tree in his garden; but having after wards some doubt of the propriety of that person coming daily to his garden where his family usually are, and being at the same time unwilling to depart from his promise, or to retract his gift, he gives some of the dates that have already been pulled in lieu of those upon the tree. (Baillie’s Law of Sale, page 300.) – DI

Ark, Noah’s – Mentioned in the history of the Deluge, as recorded in the Quran, in two places surah xi. 39,” build the ark under our eye and after our revelation,” and surah xxiii. 27. There is also supposed to be an allusion to the ark in surah xxxvi. 41, “Mark and a sign to them is that we bare their offerings in the laden ship.”

Al-Baizawi says that Noah was two years building the ark, which was 300 cubits long, 50 wide, and 30 broad, and which was made of Indian plane tree; that it consisted of three stories, the lowest for beasts, the middle for men and women (who were separated from each other), and the highest for birds.
The ark is said to have rested on the mountain Al-Judi [see Noah]. – DI

Ark of the Covenant – Quran, surah ii. 249, “the sign of his (Saul’s) kingdom is that there shall come unto you the ark (Tabut); in it shall be security from your Lord, and the relics of what the family of Moses and the family of Aaron left; the Angels shall bear it.” Jalalu ‘d-din says this ark contained the images of the prophets, and was sent down from heaven to Adam, and at length came to the Israelites, who put great confidence therein, and continually carried it in front of their Army, till it was taken by the Amalekites. But on this occasion the Angels brought it back in the sight of all the people, and placed it at the feet of Saul (Tabut), who was thereupon unanimously received as King. – DI

Arkan: Plural of rukn (element). The essential ingredient of an act of worship, other act, or contract, the absence of which renders such act or transaction invalid.

Arms, The Sale of – The sale of armor or warlike stores to rebels, or in their camp, is forbidden, because selling arms into the hands of rebels is an assistance to defection. But it is not for been to sell the materials for making arms to such persons. (Hamilton’s Hidayah, volume ii. 225.) – DI

Arsh -
(1) a legal term for compensation.
(2) A mulet; a fine; particularly that which is paid for shedding of blood.
(3) a gift for conciliating and the favor of a judge; a bribe.
(4) whatever a purchaser receives from a seller after discovering a fault in the article bought. – DI

‘Arsh – The term used in the Quran for the throne of God. Surah ix.space 131,” he is the Lord of the mighty throne.” Husaini, the commentator, says the throne has 8000 pillars, and the distance between each pillar is 3,000,000 miles. – DI

‘Asabah – A legal term for male relatives by the father’s side, agnates. – DI

Asaf – The Wazir or Prime Minister of Solomon. alluded to in the quran, surah xxvii. 40, as” he with whom was knowledge of the Scripture.” Muhammadan commentators say he was the son of Barkhiya. – DI

Asar – Relating; handing down by tradition. Generally used for a Hadith related by one of the companions, as distinguished from one of the Mohammad’s own. – DI

Asaru ‘sh-Sharif (al-Asaru) – The sacred relic. A hair of either the beard or mustache of Mohammad, or a footprint of the prophet. One of these sacred relics (a hair of his beard) is exhibited in the great mosque at Delhi, another in a mosque in Cashmere. – DI

Ashab (pl. of Sahib) – The Companions or Associates of Mohammad. The term used for single companion is Sahibi. Concerning the title of “Companion,” there is considerable controversy as to the persons to whom it can be applied. Sa’id ibn al-Musaiyab reckoned none a” companion,” but those who had been a year or more with Mohammad, and had gone on a warlike expedition with him. Some say that everyone who had attained puberty, had embraced Islam, and had seen the prophet, was a” companion,” even though he had attended Mohammad but in our. Others, however, a firm that none could be a ” Companion” unless Mohammad chose him and he chose Mohammad, and he adhered to the prophet at all times. The general opinion is that everyone who embraced Islam, saw the prophet, and accompanied him, even for short time, was a “Companion.”

It is related that the prophet marched to Makkah with 10,000 Muslims, to Hunain with 12,000, and that 40,000 accompanied him on the farewell pilgrimage. The number of the Companions at his death is said to have been 144,000.

In point of merit, the refugees (Muhajirun) are more worthy than the auxiliaries (Ansar); but by way of precedence, the auxiliaries are more worthy than the latter refugees.

The Companions have been arranged into 13 classes, which are given by Abu ‘l-Fida as follows:

(1) Those who first embraced Islam, such as Khadijah, Ali, Zaid, Abu Bakr, and those who did not delay till he had established his mission.
(2) The Companions who believed in him after his mission had been fully established, amongst whom was Umar.
(3) Those who fled to Abyssinia.
(4) The first companions of ‘Aqabah, Who Proceeded the Auxiliaries.
(5) The second companions of ‘Aqabah.
(6) The third companions of ‘Aqabah, who were seventy.
(7) The refugees who went to the prophet after his flight, when he was at Quba, before the erection of the Temple.
(8) The soldiers of the great battle of Badr.
(9) Those who joined Islam between Badr and Hudaibiyah.
(10) Those who took the oath of fealty under the acacia tree at Hudaibiyah.
(11) those That who joined after the treaty of Hudaibiyah, but before though conquest.
(12) Those that embraced Islam on the day of conquest.
(13) Those who were children in the time of the prophet, and had seen him.

Mohammad freakily commended the Companions, and spoke of their excellences and virtues, a chapter in the traditions being devoted to the subject. (Mishkat, xxiv. c. xiii.) Is he is related to have said,” my companions are like stars by which roads you are found, for which ever companion you follow you will find the right road.” – DI

Ashabu ‘L-Fil (al-Ashabu ‘L-Fil) – “The Companions of the Elephant.” A term used in the chapter of the elephant, or the cvth Surah:” hast thou not seen how thy Lord dealt with the companions of the elephant? If ye not cause their stratagem to miscarry? And he sent against them birds in flocks, small stones did they hurl down upon them, and he made them like stubble eaten down!”

This refers to the Army of Abrahah, the Christian King of Abyssinia and Arabia Felix, said to have been lost, in the year of Muhammad’s birth, in expedition against Makkah for the purpose of destroying the Ka’bah. This Army was cut off by smallpox, and there is no doubt, as the Arabic word for smallpox also means ” small stones,” in reference to the hard gravelly feeling of the pustules, what is the true interpretation of the fourth verso of this surah, which, like many other poetical passages in the Quran, has formed the starting point for the most puerile and extravagant legends.

Ashabu ‘L-Kahf – “The Companions of the Cave,” i.e. the Seven Sleepers, mentioned in the Suratu ‘l-Kahf, or chapter xxviii.of the Quran. The story, as told by early Christian writers, is given by Gibbon (Rise and Fall, chapter xxxi.). When the Emperor Decius persecuted the Christians, seven noble youths of Ephesus are said to have concealed themselves in a cave in the side of a mountain, where they were doomed to perish by the tyrant, who gave orders that the entrance should be firmly secured with a pile of huge stones. They immediately fell into a deep slumber, which was miraculously prolonged, without injuring the powers of life, during a period of 187 years. This popular tale, which Mohammad must have heard when he drove his camels to the fairs of Syria, is introduced into the Quran as a divine revelation. – DI

Ashabu ‘S-Suffah – “The Sitters on the Beach” of the Temple at Makkah. They are thus described by Abu ‘L-Fida: ” they were poor strangers, without friends or place of abode, who claimed the promises of the Apostle of God and implored his protection. Thus the porch of the Temple became their mansion, and thence they obtained their name. When Mohammad went to meals, he used to call some of them to partake with him; and he selected others to eat with his Companions.” – DI

‘Asharah Mubashsharah – “The 10 who received glad tidings.” Ten of the most distinguished of Muhammad’s followers, who certain entrance into Paradise he is said to have foretold. They are Abu Bakr, Umar, Usman, Ali, Talhah, az-Cubair, ‘Abdu ‘r-Rahman, Sa’d-ibn-Abu-Waqqas, Sa’ide ibn Zaid,aSbu Ubaidah iven al-Jarrah. (Mishkat, book XXIV.c.xx., parts II.) Mohammad declared it presumption for anyone to count upon an entrance into heaven with absolute certainty, but he made an exception in favor of these 10 distinguished persons. – DI

Ash’ariyah (al-Ashariyah) – A sect formed by Abu ‘L-Hasan ‘Ali ibn Ismail al-Ash’ari, born a.h. 260 (a.d. 873-874).

They hold that the attributes of God are distinct from his essence, yet in such a way as to forbid any comparison being made between God and his creatures. They say they are not ” ‘ain nor ghair:” not of his essence, nor distinct from it: i.e. they cannot be compared with any other things. They also hold that God has one eternal will, from which proceed all things, the good and the evil, the useful and the hurtful. The destiny of man was written on the eternal table before the world was created. So far they go with the Sifatis, but in order to preserve the moral responsibility of man, they say that he has power to convert will into action. But this power cannot create anything new, for then God sovereignty would be impaired; so they say that God in his Providence so orders matters that whenever ” a man desires to do a certain thing, good or bad, the action corresponding to the desire is, there and then, created by God, and, as it were, fitted onto the desire.” Thus it seems as if it came naturally from the will of the man, whereas it does not. This action is called Kasb (acquisition), because it is acquired by a special creative act of God. It is an act directed to the obtaining of profit or the removing of injury: the term is therefore in and applicable to the Deity. Abu Bakr Al-Bakil Iani, a disciple of Al-Ashari, says: “the essence or substance of the action is the effect of the power of God, but its being an action of obedience, such as prayer, or an action of disobedience, such as fornication, are qualities of the action, which proceed from the power of man.” The Imam Al-Haramain (a.h. 419-478) held” that the actions of men were effected by the power which God has created in man.” Abu Ishaq Al-Isfarayini says:” that which maketh impression, or hath influence on action, is a compound of the power of God and the power of man.” They also believe that the word of God is eternal, though they acknowledge that the vocal sounds used in the Quran, which are the manifestation of that word, are created. They say, in short, that the Quran contains:

(1) The eternal word which existed in the essence of God before time was.
(2) the That word which consists of sounds and combinations of letters. This last they call the created word.

Thus Al-Ashari traversed the main positions of the Mutarilites, denying that man can, by the aid of his reason alone, rise to the knowledge of good and evil. He must exercise no judgment, but accept all that is revealed. He has no right to apply the moral laws which affect men to the actions of God. It cannot be asserted by the human reason that the good will be rewarded or the bad punished in a future world. Man must always approach God as a slave, and there is no light or knowledge to judge of the actions of the Supreme. Whether God will accept the penitent sinner or not cannot be asserted, for He is an absolute Sovereign, above all law. (Sale, from Ibn Kaldun; Die Mu’taziliten oder die Freidenkdr in Islam, von H. Steineer, 1865; Zur Gbschtchtd Abu ‘L-Hacan al-ash’arish, von W. Spitta,1876; De Strijd over het Dogma ia den Islam tot op El-ash’ari, door Dr. M. Th. Houtsma, lSviden, 1875; and Expose de la Reformed de ? Islamisme, BY M. A. F. Mehreen Lviden, 1878.) – DI

Ashura – Lit. “The 10th” a voluntary fast day, observed on the 10th of the month of Muharram (the first month of the Muslim calendar). It is related that Mohammad observed it, and said it was a day respected by Jews and Christians. (Mishkat, VII. See. VII. 1.) – DI

It is the only day of Muharram observed by the Sunni Muslims, being the day on which it is said God created Adam and Eve, heaven and hell, the tablet of decree, the pen, life, and death. It is kept by the Sunnis as a fast. [see Muharram] – DI

Asiyah – The wife of Pharaoh. One of the four perfect women (the Virgin Mary, Khadijah, and Fatimah, being the other three). See Mishkata ‘l-Masabih, xxiv. c. 22. She is mentioned in the Quran (surahlxvi. 11): ” and God striking out a parable for those who believe: the wife of Pharaoh, when she said,” my Lord, build for me a house with thee in Paradise, and save me from Pharaoh and his works, and save me from the unjust people.” – DI

Asl – Cause, first principle, foundation. Asl-wafar, “cause and effect,” “fundamental and derivative principle.” – DI

Asl - Origin.  Heritage. – DI

Aslim Taslam – ”Submit to Allah” (see Dawah) – DI

Asma’u ‘Llah – [God, names of.] – DI

‘Asr – The afternoon prayer. The title of a surah of the Quran.

Asr – The afternoon/middle prayer. Asr means afternoon, the period of time when the sun has reached its peak and has started to decline. (see Salat)

Ass – According to the Imam Abu Hanifah, the ass is an unclean animal, and its flesh and milk are unlawful; nor is zakat to be given on an ass. (Hamilton’s Hidayah, volume I. 16, IV. 74, 86.)

Assistants – (See Ansar)

Astrology – Arabic ‘Ilmu ‘n-nujum. Qatadah says, referring to the Quran, that God has created stars for three uses:
(1) As an ornament to the heavens (surah lxvii. Space five)
(2) To stone the devil with (surah lxvii. Five)
(3) To direct travelers through the forests and on the sea (surah XV. 16). Mohammad condemns those who study the stars for any other purpose (Mishkat, XX Is. See. IIIn. Part III.), And consequently the science of astrology is not considered lawful in Islam. – DI

Aswad – An impostor who, in the time of Mohammad, claimed the prophetic office. His name was ‘Aihalah ibn Ka’b, and he belonged to the tribe of’aSus, of which he was an influential chief. He was surnamed Zu ‘L-Himar, or “The Master of the Ass,” because he used frequently to say,” the master of the ass is coming unto me,” and pretended to receive his revelations from two Angels named Suhaik and Shuraik. being a good hand at legerdemain, and having a smooth tongue, he gained mightily on the multitude by the strange feats which he showed them, and the eloquence of his discourse. By these means he greatly increased his power, and having made himself master ofNajran and the territory of ta’if,**”ld bAdhan, the Gov. of Yaman for Mohammad, he sees that province also, killing Shahr, the son of Badhan, and taking to wife his widow Azud, whose father he had also slain. The news being brought to Mohammad, he sent to his friends and to the tribe of Hamdan, a party of whom conspiring with Qais ibn ‘Abd Yaghuth, who bord Aswad a grudge, and with Firuz and Aswad’s wife, broke by night into his house, where spaceFiruz surprised him and cut off his head. While dying, it is said that he roared like a bull, at which his guards came to the chamber door, but were sent away by his wife, who told them that the prophet was only agitated by the divine inspiration. This was done the very night before Mohammad died. The next morning the conspirators caused the following proclamation to be made,vice. “I bear witness that Mohammad is the Apostle of God, and that’s ‘Aihala is a liar”; and letters were immediately sent away to Muhammad, with an account of what had been done; but the messenger from heaven outstripped them, and acquainted the prophet with the news, which he imparted to his Companions a little before his death, the letters themselves not arriving till Abu Bakr was chosen Caliph. It is said that Mohammad on his occasion told those who attended him that before the Day of Judgment 30 more impostors, asides Musailimah and Aswad, should appear. The whole time from the beginning of Aswad’s rebellion to his death was four months. – DI

Athar – The sayings and acts of the Companions of the prophet Mohammad. Legally speaking, it can refer to the effect(s) of a transaction.

Atheist - (see Dahbi)

‘Atirah – The sacrifice offered by the idolatrous Arabs in the month of Rajab. It was allowed by the prophet at the commencement of his mission, but was afterwards abolished. (Mishkat book IV.C.50,” let there be no Fara’ nor Atriah.” – DI

At-Tahiyat – Lit. “the greetings.” A part of the stated prayers, recited after the tSakbiru -l-Qu’ud, after every two Rakahs. It is recited whilst the worshiper kneels upon the ground. His left foot bent under him, he sits upon it, and places his hands upon his knees, and says:-” the adoration’s (i.e. at-tahiyatu) of the tongue are for God, and also of the body and of almsgiving. Peace be on the, oh prophet, with the mercy of God and his blessing. Peace be upon us, and upon God’s righteous servants.” (Mishkat, IV., C. XVI.) [see Prayer] – DI

Augury - (see FA’L)

Auliya - pl. of Wali. “Favourites of Alla.” the expression occurs in the Quran in the following verse,” are not the favorites of God those on whom no fear shall come, nor shall they put be put to grief?” (surah X. 63) – DI

Autad - Literally” props or pillars.” A term used by the Sufis for the four Saints, by whom the four corners of the world are said to be supported. – DI

A’uzu Billah – another name for the Ta’auwuz, or though prayer in the daily liturgy:” I seek refuge with God from the cursed Satan.” (see Prayer) – DI

Awra - Those areas of the human body that are required to be covered.

Avenger of Blood – in the Muhammadan law, as in the Jewish, the punishment for willful murder is left to the next of kin; but in the Jewish code the avenger of blood was compelled to take the life of the murderer, whilst in the Muslim code he may accept compensation, vide Quran, surah ii.space 173,” Opel believers! Retaliation (Two IAS AS) for blood shedding is prescribed to you: the free man for the free, and the slave for the slave, and the woman for the woman; but he to whom his brother shall make any remission is to be dealt with equitably; and a payment should be made to him with liberality. This is a relaxation (i.e. of the stricter lex talionis) from your Lord, and a mercy.” (see Qisas) – DI

Ayah - literally” assign, or miracle” space space the term used for one of the smaller portions of the chapters of the Quran, which we call verses. The number of verses is often set down after the title of the chapter, but the verses are not marked in the text as they are in our English Bibles. The number of verses in the Quran is variously estimated, but they are generally said to be about 6200. (See Quran) – DI

Ayah – A sign or miracle.  Each verse of the Quran is called an Ayah.  It is also the root word of the word, Ayatollah.

Ayanu ‘S-Sabitah (al-A’Yanu ‘S-Sabitah) – pl. of ‘Ayn, in the sense of” the essence” of a thing. The established essences. A term used by the Sufi mystics to express figures emblematic of the names of God. (‘Abdu ‘er-Raccaq’s dictionary That Of the Technical Terms of the Sufis. Sprenger’s addition.) – DI

Ayatollah – An Ayatollah is basically the Shiah equivalent of a Sunni Mufti, in other words…an expert in Shariah law. The word Ayatolla is a compound of the two words Ayah & Allah. Ayah means a “sign or miracle.” So Ayatollah means “a sign from god.”

Ayatu ‘L-Fath – Lit.”The verse of victory.” The 59th verse of the Suratu ‘l-An’am (VIi) of the Quran. The powers of this verso said to be great, that if a person constantly recite it he will obtain his desires. It is generally recited with this object 40 times after each season of prayer. It is as follows:” and with him are the keys of the secret things; none no with them but he; and he no with whatever is on the land and in the sea; and no leaf Follis but he no with it; neither is there a grain in the darkness of the Earth, nor a green thing nor a dry thing, but it is noted in a clear book.” – DI

Ayatu ‘l-Hifz – the verses of protection” certain verses of the Quran which are usually inscribed on amulets. They arc: surah II, 256,” and the preservation of both (heaven and Earth) is no burden unto him.”
Surah XII, 64,” God is the best protector.”
Surah xiii, 12,” they guard him by the command of God.”
Surah XV x, 17,” we guard him from every devil driven away by stones.”
Surah XXX VIIa, seven,” a protection against every rebellious devil.” – DI

Ayatu’l-kursi  - “The verse of the throne.” Verse 256 of the Suratu ‘l-Baqarah, or chapter IIi of the Quran. It is related (Mishkat, book IV, see.XIX., art III) that Ali heard Mohammad say in the pulpit,” that person who repeats the Ayatu’l-kursi after every prayer, nothing prevents him entering into Paradise but life; and whoever says it when he goes to his bedchamber, God will keep them safely, together with his house and the house of his neighbor. The verse is as follows;” God I there is no God but he; the living, the abiding. Neither slumber seizes him, nor sleep. To him belong whatsoever is in heaven and whatsoever is in the Earth. Who is he that can intercede with him but by his own permission? He no with what hath been before them, and what shall be after them; yet naught of his knowledge do they comprehend, save what he will, is throne reaches over the heavens and the Earth, and the upholding of both burden if him not; and he is the high, the great.” – DI

Ayatu’l-Mawaris – The fourth chapter of the Quran. It relates to inheritance, and is the foundation of the Muslim law on the subject. It is given in the article of inheritance. – DI

Ayimmatu’L-Asma – ” The Leading Names” the seven principal names or titles of God, namely:
• Al-Hayy  -    The Living
• Al-Alim  -     The Knowing
• Al-Murid  -  The Proposer
• Al-Qadir  -   The Powerful
• As-Sami  -    The Hearer
• Al-Basir  -    The Seer
• Al-Mutakallim  -  The Speaker – DI

Ayishah - (see also Aisha) The daughter of Abu Bakr, and the favorite wife of Muhammad, to whom she was married when only nine years old. She survived her husband many years, and died at Al-Madinah, A.H. 58 (A.D. 678), aged 67, and obtained the title of Ummu ‘l-Mu’minin, ” The Mother of the Believers.” – DI

Ayman - (plural of Yamin) – DI

Ayyamu’l-Biz – ” the days of the bright nights,” mentioned in the Mishkat (book VII. See. Seven. Parts three), as the days on which Mohammad did not eat, whether halting or marching. They are the 13th, 14th and 15th nights of the month. (See Lane’s dictionary, page 284) – DI

Ayyam Madudat – The three days that come after the Day of Sacrifice (Id al-Adha). (see Tashriq)

Ayyamu ‘l-Qarr - the day of rest after the day of sacrifice at the pilgrimage. [see Hajj] – DI

Ayyamu’n-Nahr – the season of sacrifice at the pilgrimage. [See Hajj] – DI

Ayyamu’t-Tashriq - the three days after the feast of sacrifice at Mina during the pilgrimage. So called because the flesh of the victims is then dried, or because they are not slain until after sunrise. [See Hajj, pilgrimage] – DI

Ayyim – a legal term for woman having no husband, whether she be a virgin or a widow. – DI

‘Azabu’l-qabr – ” The Punishment of the Grave” that all persons, whether believers or not, undergo some punishment in their graves, is a fundamental article of the Muslim belief. These punishments are described in the following hadith on the authority of Abu Hurairah:

“The Prophet of God said, when a corpse is placed in its grave, two black Angels come to it, with blue eyes. The name of the one is Munkar in the other Nakir, in the interior the dead person concerning the Prophet of God. If he be a Muslim, he will bear witness to the Unity of God and the mission of Mohammad. The Angels will then say,” we knew thou wouldst say so’; and the grave will then expand 70×70 yards in length, and 70×70 in breadth. A light will then be given for the grave, and it will be said,” Sleep.” Then the Dead Person Will Say,” Shall I Return to My Brethren and Inform Them of This?” Then the Angels Will Say,” Sleep like the Bride Groom, till God Shall Raise Thee up from the Grave on the Day of Resurrection.” But If the Corpse Be That of an Unbeliever, It Will Be Asked,” What Sais Thou about the Prophet?” And He Will Reply,” I Know Him Not.” And Then the Angels Will Say,” We Knew You Would Say so.” Then the Ground Will Be Ordered to Close in upon Him, and It Will Break His Sides, and Turn His Right Side to His Left, and He Will Suffer Perpetual Punishment till God Raise Him Therefrom.”

In another tradition, recorded by ‘Anas, it is said,” the wicked will be struck with a Rod (mitraqah), and they will roar out, and their cries will be heard by all animals that may be near the grave excepting man and the genii.” (Mishkat, book I, C. V.).

All Muhammadan doctors of the Orthodox school (whether we apply the term Orthodox to Sunni or Shia) believe in the literal interpretation of these punishments in the grave, which are said to take place as soon as the funeral party has left the graveyard. A perusal of the various traditions on the subject must convince any unprejudiced mind that Mohammad intended to teach a literal interpretation of his sayings on the subject. It is related that on one occasion, when the prophet was riding through a graveyard, his mule, hearing the groans of the dead, tried to throw his master. On that occasion, Mohammad said,” if I were not afraid that you would leave off burying, I would ask God to give you the power of hearing what I hear.”

Shaikh ‘Abdu ‘l-Haqq, in his commentary on the Mishkat, says,” the accounts which are here given of the punishment of the grave, are undoubtedly true, and they are not either imaginary or figurative.” (Mishkat, book I., Chapter V; see Persian edition with Abdu ‘l-Haqq’s commentary.) – DI

Azal - eternity with respect to the past, as distinguished from Abad, eternity without end. – DI

Azan – literally” announcement.” (see also Adhan) The call or summons to public prayers Pro claimed by the Mu’azzin(or crier) in small mosques from the side of the building or at the door, and in large mosques from the minaret.

It is in Arabic as follows:-
*
*
*
Which is translated:-
“Allah is most great! Allah is most great! Allah is most great! Allh is most great! I testify that there is no God but Allah! I testify that there is no God but Allah! I testify that Mohammad is the Apostle of Allah! I testify that Mohammad is the Apostle of Allah! Come to prayer! Come to prayer! Come to salvation! Come to salvation! Allah is most great! Allah is most great! There is no God but Allah!”

In the Azan in the early morning, after the words,”Come to Salvation!” Is added: “prayer is better than sleep! Prayer is better than sleep!”

The she is make a slight alteration in the Azan, by adding the words: “Come to the Best of Works! Come to the Best of Works!” And by repealing the last sentence of the Azan, “there is no God but Allah,” twice instead of once, as in the Sunni Azan.

When the Azan is recited, it is usual for men of piety and religious feeling to respond to each call as, for example, when the Mu’azzin cries:” I testify that there is no God but Allah; I testify that there is no God but Allah.”
They reply-
” I testify that there is no God but Allah; I testify that there is no God but Allah.”
Mu’azzin: “I testify that Mohammad is the apostle of God.”
Reply:-I testify that Mohammad is the apostle of God.”
Mu’azzin: ” come to prayer.”
Reply:-” I have no power nor strength but from God the most High and Great”
Mu’azzin: ” come to salvation.”
Reply:-” what God Willith will be; what he willeth not will not be.”

The recital of the Zion must be listened to with great reverence. If a person be walking at the time, he should stand still; if reclining, sit up. Mr. Lane, in his modern Egyptians, says,”Most of the Mu’azzins of Cairo have harmonious and sonorous voices, which they strain to the utmost pitch; yet there is a simple and solemn melody in their chants which is very striking, particularly in the stillness of the night.” But Vambery remarks that ” the Turkistanees most carefully avoid all tune and melody. The manner in which the Azan is cried in the West is here (in Bokhara) declared sinful, and the beautiful melancholy notes which, in the silent hour of a moonlit evening, are heard from the slender minarets on the Bosphorus, fascinating every hearer, would be listened to by the Bokhariot with feelings only of detestation.”

The summons to prayer was first the simple cry,” come to public prayer.” After the Qiblah was changed, Mohammad be thought himself of a more formal call. Some suggested the Jewish trumpet, others the Christian Bell; but neither was grateful to the prophet year. The Azan, or call to prayer was then established. Tradition claims for it a supernatural origin, thus:” while the matter was under discussion, ‘Abdu ‘llah, a Khazrajite, dream that he met a man clad in green raiment, carrying a bell. Abdullah sought to buy it, saying that it would do well for bringing together the assembly of the faithful.” I will show thee a better way,” replied the stranger;” let a crier cry aloud,” God is most great,”. Waking from sleep Abdullah proceeded to Mohammad, and told him his dream. (Muir, from Kativu ‘le Wakidi.) Hishami recites the story as if Abdullah had actually met the man.

Bingham, in his antiquities (volume II, book VIII. Chapter VII.), Relates that, in the monastery of virgins which Paula, the famous Roman lady, set up and governed at Jerusalem, the signal for prayer was given by one going about and singing “Hallelujah!” For that was their call to church, as St. Jerome informs us.

The Azan is proclaimed before the stated times of prayer, either by one of the congregation, or by the Mu’azzin or crier, who is paid for the purpose. He must stand with his face towards Makkah, with the points of his forefingers into his ears, and recite the formula was which has been given above.

It must not be recited by an unclean person, a drunkard, a madman, or a woman.

Azar – Terah, the father of Abraham. Surah VI, 74,” and when Abraham said to his father Azar, pages thou images as gods?”

“The Eastern authors unanimously agree that he was a statuary, or Carver of idols; and he is represented as the first two made images of Clay, pictures only having been in use before, and taught that they were to be adored as gods. However, we are told this employment was a very Hon. one, and that he was a great Lord, and in high favor with Nimrod, whose son-in-law he was, because he made his idols for him, and was excellent in his art. Some of the Rabbins say Terrah was a priest and chief of the order.”-(Sale) – DI

Azariqah (al-Azariqah) – a sect of the heretics founded by Nafl- ibn al-Azraq, who say that I will he was an infidel, and that his assassin was right in killing him. (See ash-Shahrastani, ed. Cureton, p. , Haarbruecker’s translation, I., p. 133. – DI

‘Azba’ (al-Azba’) – The slit-eared; one of Muhammad’s favorite camels. – DI

Azha (al-Azha) – (see ‘Idu’l-Azha)

Azim (al-Azim) – “The Great One” One of the 99 special names of God. – DI

‘Azimah - An incantation. [see Exorcism] – DI

Aziz (al-Aziz) – “The Powerful, or the Mighty One” one of the 99 special names of God. It frequently occurs in the Quran. – DI

‘Azrail – The Angel of Death. Mentioned in the Quran under the title of Mataku ‘l-Maut, Surah xxxii, 11,”The Angel of Death who is charged with you shall cause you to die.” [see Malaku 'L-Maut] – DI

 

 

B

 

Bab – xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Bab, Sayyed Ali Muhammad – xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Baba – xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Babi / Babiyya – xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Badal – Substitute xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Badr – xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Baghdad – A city in Iraq. Founded by the Abbasid Caliph Al-Mansur in 762/145 as its capital.

Baha’Allah – Splendor of Allah. Title bestowed to Mirza Husayn Ali Nuri, founder of the Bahi.

Bahai – xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Bahira – Idols and images xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Baia / Baiat – xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Baigh – xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Bairam / Bayram – xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Balagh – xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Bamba, Ahmad – xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Banna, Hasan (al-Banna) – Founder of the Muslim Brotherhood (Ikhwan al-Muslimin).

Baqa – xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Baqillani (al-Baqillani) – Full name Abu Bakr Muhammad b. at-Tayyib b. Muhammad b. Jafar b. Al-Qasim. An Asharite theologian who resided in Baghdad. Although he is credited with 52 works, the most popular are Kitab al-Ijaz al-Quran & Kitab Tabhid. (see Al-Ashari)

Baqliyyah – xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
Barah Wafat – xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Bara’a Asliya – xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Baraka / Barakat – xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Barelwis - xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Barzakh – xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Bashar – xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Bashir – xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Basri, Hasan (al-Basri) – xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Bast – xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Ba’th Party – xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Batin – xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Bayah – (see Baia)

Basmalla / Bismillah / Basmala – (see Bismillah Ir Rahman Ir Rahim. see also Tasmiya) Often whispered into the ear of a newborn.

Basri, Hasan al- xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Bayan – xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Bayat – “during the night”. xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Bayram – (see Bairam)

Bayt al-Haram ( al-Bayt al-Haram) – The Ka’ba in Mecca. This name was probably given to it because of the prohibition of hunting inside it or around it. (The Distinguished Jurist’s Primer Vol.1 (1994). Page 582)

Bayt al-Maqdis – xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Bayt al-Muqqadas – (see Bayt al-Maqdis)

Bedouin – xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Bekka – (see Mecca)

Bektashi – xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Be-pir (Urdu) – xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Betrothal – xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Bhidhr – xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Bible – Islam teaches that the Bible has been corrupted. The nature and the extent of this corruption is not laid out. However, a rule of thumb is that Muslims treat any part of the Bible that contradicts the teachings of Islam.

Bid’a – xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Bid’ah – Heresy. xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Bi-la Kayf – xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Bilal – xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Bilal b. Rabah – xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Bilqis – xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Bin Ladin, Osama – (1957- )xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Bina – xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Bir Jamal – A well in Mecca. Xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Bismillah Ir Rahman Ir Rahim – “In the name of Allah, the all-gracious and all-merciful”. Known as the Basmalla, it is the preface of all suras except the ninth. Muslims sanctify all activities by its repetition. It is usually recited before eating food or commencing any action such as entering a room or a premesis; opeing a book; before drinking; after yawning; or entering bed. The formula is traditionally included at the beginning of a book and many Muslims will not read a text where it is not included. The sacred formula contains BARAKA, a blessing, and can be used to ward off evil or misfortune or protect against the supernatural. (see also Dhikr)  [Key Words in Islam (2006), Ron Greaves. Pages 19-20]
Bistami, Abu Yazid – xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Bit – xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Bitfa – xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Bita – xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Blasphemy – xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Blood Money – xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Booty / Plunder – xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Bourghiba, Habib – xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Bridewealth – see _____dowry xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Brotherhood – xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Bukhari, Muhammad Ibn Ishmael (al-Bukhari) –

Bulugh – xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Buraq (al-Buraq) – The name of the winged creature that supposedly carried Mohammed on his Night Journey to Jerusalem.

Burda / Burdah – xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Burhan (al-Burhan) – The proof or demonstration of truth that comes from Allah. The Quran is held to be the burban of Allah’s existence and creative activity. In this sense, it is related to the Quranic verse, the Ayah, as the miracle or the miracle itself. (see Ayah) [Encyclopedia of Islam, Newby Gordon (2002) pg 46]

Burial – xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Burqa – xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Buliigh – xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Byzantines – xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

 

 

C

 

Cain and Abel – xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Calendar (Islamic) – xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Caliph – xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Caliphate – xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Call to Prayer – (see Adhan)

Camphor – xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Capital Punishment – xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Captives – xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Caravan – xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Cave – xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Cave (Men of…) – xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Celebi - xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Chador – xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Chapters – xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Charity – (see Zakat, Sadaqah)

Chilla – xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Chiragh ‘Ali - xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Chishti - xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Chishti, Mu’induddin – xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Chishtiya - xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Chishtiyya – xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Chosroes – xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Christ – xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Church – xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Circumambulation – (see Tawaf)

Circumcision – xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Clitoridectomy – xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Clothing – xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Colonialism – xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Combat – xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Commander of the Faithful - xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Companion – (see also Sahabah)

Companions of the Prophet – xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Companions of the Cave – (see also Ashab Al-Kahf)

Concubines – xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Confession of Faith – (see Shahada)

Congregation – xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Conseil National des Francais Musulmans – xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Consensus – xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx (see also Ijma)

Constitution of Madinah – xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Contamination – xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Conversion – xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Corruption – xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Corruption of Scripture – xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Court – xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Covering the Head – xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Cow – xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Creation - xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Creed – xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx  (see Aqidah, Aqaid, Aqaida)

Crescent – xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx   (see Hilal, Red Crescent)

Cross - xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Crucifixion – xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Crusade – xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Crusades – xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Curse – xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Customary Law – xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx (see also Adat)

 

 

D

 

Dab’ – xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Dahiya – x xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Dalalat al-Lafz – x xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Dala’il – xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Dalil al-Kitab – x xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Dalil – (see Adilla) – xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Dam – xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Dar – xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Dar al-Amn – xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Dar al-Harb – x xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Dar al-Islam – xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Dar al-Uloom – xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Dar al-Ulum – xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Dar ul-Ulum – xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Darban – (Urdu) xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Dargah – xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Dars I Nizami – xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Dayn – xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Da’wa – xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Da’wah – xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Dawah – xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Dawud – xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Deen – (see Din)

Deoband – xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Dhabh – xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Dhajjal (al-Dhajjal) – xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Dhakah – x xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Dhakah – xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Dhikr – (also Zhikr) – xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Dhikra – xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Dhimmi – (Zimmi) xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Dhira – xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Dhu mahram – xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Diya – xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Du’a – xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Dhul-Hijjah – xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Dhu’l-nun – xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Din – xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Din al-Fitra – xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Djinn – (see Jinn)

Du’a – xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Durud-I Sharif – xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

 

 

E

 

Eid – xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Eid al-Adha – (see al-adha)

Eid al-Fitr – (see al-Fitr)

Eid Mubarak – (Id Mubarak) – xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

 

 

F

 

Fajr (Salat-ul-Fajr) – xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Fakir – (see Faqir)

Falah – xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Falasifa – xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Fana – xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Faqir – (Urdu/Fakir) – xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Faraq – xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Fard – xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Fard Kifaya – xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Farida – xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Fasiq – xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Fatamids – xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Fatihah (Fatiha) – (see Al-Fatiha)

Fatihat al-Kitab – xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Fatima (al-Zahrah) – xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Fatwa – xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Fay’ – xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Fi Al-Riqab – xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Fidya – xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Fiqh (al-Fiqh) – xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Fisq – xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Fitna – xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Fitnah – (see Fitna)

Fitr – (al-Fitr) – xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Fitra – xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Fitrah – xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Fuqaha – xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Furqan (al-Furqan) – xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Furud – xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

 

 

G

 

Ghamus – xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Ghanima – xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Gharib – xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Gharib al-Hadith – xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Ghazali, Ahmad (Ahmad Al-Ghazali) – xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Ghulam – xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Ghurar – xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Ghusl – xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Giarvin Sharif – xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Gilani, Abdul Qadir – xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

 

 

H

 

Ha Mim – xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Habiba – xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Habs – xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Hadas Clan – xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Hadath – xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Hadd - xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Hadhrat – xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Hadid - xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Hadith – xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Hadith Qudsi – xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Hady - xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Hafiz – xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Hafs - xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Hafsah - xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Hagar - xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Hajar – xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Hajar (al-Hajar al-Aswad) – xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Haj – (see Hajj)

Haji - (see Hajji)

Hajib - xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Hajj – xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Hajji - xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Hakim - xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Halah - xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Halal – xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Halaqah - xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Halimah - xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Hallaj, Husayn Ibn Mansur al- – xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Haman - xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Hamas - xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Hamd – xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Hamd (al-Hamd) – xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Hamdan, Yunus – xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Hamdu Lillah – xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Hamid, Muhammad – xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Hammad Ibn Salama – xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Hammam – Bathhouse xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Hamza - xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Hamza, Abu – xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Hanafi – xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Hanafi School – xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Hanbal, Ahmad Ibn – xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Hanbali, Futuhi al- – xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Hanbali – xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Hanbali School – xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Handmaidens – xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Hanif – xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Hanifiyya – (see xxxxxx) xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Hanish – xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Haqin – xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Haqiqa – xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Haqiqa Muhammadiva – xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Haqiqiya – xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Haqq – xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Haqq (al-Haqq) – xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Haqqah (al-Haqqah) – xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Haram – xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Haram (Food) – xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Haram (Meccan) – xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Haram (Money) – xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Haram Sharif – xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Harbi - xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Harem - xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Hariri, Rafik – xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Harith Ibn al-Hakim – xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Harun – (See Aaron)

Harut – xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Hasad – xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Hasan – xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Hasan (11^th Imam) – xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Hasan al-Basri – xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Hasan Hadiths – xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Hasan Ibn Ali – xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Hasani, Badr al-Din al- – xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Hashim - xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Hashimi, Muhammad – xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Hashr (al-Hashr) – xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Hatib (War of) – xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Hatib Ibn Abi Balta’a – xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Hatim al-Tai – xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Hawa – xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Hawala - xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Hawazin Tribe – xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Hawd - xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Hawl – xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Hawwa – (see Eve)

Haya – xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Hayat ad-Dunya -

Hayatami, Ibn Hajar – xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Hayd – xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Haythami (Hadith Imam) Nur al-Din – xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Hazrat – (see Hadhrat)

Hell – xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Helpers – (see Ansar)

Henna – xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Heresy – (see Apostasy, Blasphemy)

Hezbollah (Party of Allah) – xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Hidaya – xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Hidayah – (See Hidaya)

Hidden Imam – xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Hifz – xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Hijab – xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Hijab al-Azamah – xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Hijab (protective words) – xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Hijaz - xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Hijr - xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Hijrah – (see Muhajirs) – xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Hijrah Calendar – xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Hikma - xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Hill – xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Himyarites – xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Hind - xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Hint Bint ‘Utuba – xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Hipocrasy – (see Nifaq)

Hiqqa - xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Hira – xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Hirz – xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Hirz al-Mithl – xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Hizb – xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Hizb ut-Tahrir – xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Hizbullah – (see Hezbollah)

Holy War – (see Jihad) – xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Homosexuality – xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Homs – xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Hoopoe – xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Houri – xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

House of God – (see Kaaba)

Housework – xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Hud - xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Huda – xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Hudabiya – xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Hudaibiyah – (see Hudabiya)

Hudood – xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Hudood Ordinances (Pakistan) – xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Hudud – xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Huffaz - xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Hukm – xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Hukm Shari – xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Hukm Wadi – xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Hukmiya – xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Hukuma – xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Hulul – xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Hunayn (Battle of) – xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Husain – xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Husayn Ibn Ali – xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Husband – xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Husn al-Zann – xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Husn al-Zann Billah – xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Hussein, Sadam – xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Huyay – xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Hymenorrhaphy – Hymen Restoration

 

I

Ibadah – xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Ibadiyah (Ibadites) – xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Ibadiyyah – (see Ibadiyah)

Ibahiyyun – xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Iblis – xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Ibn Abbas – xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Ibn Abd Al-Barr, Yousuf – xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Ibn Abd Allah – xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Ibn Abd Al-Salam, Al-Izz – xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Ibn Abd Al-Wahhab – xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Ibn Abi Khaythama – xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Ibn Abidin, Muhammad Amin – xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Ibn Ajiba, Ahmad – xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Ibn Al-‘As, Abdullah Ibn Amr – xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Ibn Al-Arabi, Muhyiddin – xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Ibn Al-Human, Kamal – xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Ibn Al-Jawzi, Abd Al-Rahman – xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Ibn Allan Bakri, Muhammad – xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Ibn Al-Mubarak – xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Ibn Arabi – xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Ibn Atta Illah, Ahmad – xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Ibn Attab – xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Ibn Batuta – xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Ibn Daqiq Al-Eid – xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Ibn Hajar Asqalani – xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Ibn Hajar Haytami – xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Ibn Hanbal, Ahmad – xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Ibn Harith, Muthanna – xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Ibn Hashim – xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Ibn Hazm – xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Ibn Hibban – xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Ibn Ishaq, Muhammad – xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Ibn Kathir, Ismail – xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Ibn Khafif – xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Ibn Khaldun – xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Ibn Khuwaylid – xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Ibn Khuzayama – xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Ibn Main – xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Ibn Majah – xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Ibn Masud – xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Ibn Muljam – xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Ibn Naqib, Ahmad – xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Ibn Qayyim Al-Jawziyya – xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Ibn Qudama Al-Maqdisi, Ahmad Ibn Abd Al-Rahman – xxxxxxxxxxx

Ibn Qudama Al-Maqdisi, Muwaffaq Al-Din – xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Ibn Rushd (Averroes) – xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Ibn S’ad – xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Ibn Salah – xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Ibn Tamiya, Ahmad – xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Ibn Taymiyyah – xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Ibn Umar – xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Ibrahim – xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Id / Eid – xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Id al-Adha – (Eid al-Adha) – xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Id al-Fitr – (Eid al-Fitr) – xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Idam - xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Idda – xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Iddah – xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Idris – xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Ifrad – xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Iftar – xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Iftirash - xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Ignorance – xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Ignorance (Age of) – xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Ihram – xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Ihsan – xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Ihtisab – xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Ijara – xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Ijima – xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Ijma - xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Ijtihad – xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Ijtihadi’yah – xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Ijtihad-Nabawi – xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Ikhala - xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Ikhlas – xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Ikhlas (Al-Ikhlas) – xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Ikhtilaf - xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Ikhwan al-Muslimun – xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Ikrima ibn Abi Jahl – xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

‘Illa – xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Ila – xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Illiyun – xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Ilm - xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Ilm al-Nujum – xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Ilyas – xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Imam – xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Imam (Shiite) – xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Imam Khatib – xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Imama – Office of the Imam xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Imamah – xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Iman – Faith xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Immanence – xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Immoral People – xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Impotence – xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Imprecation – (see li’an)

Impure Substances – (see Filth, Najasa)

Imran (family of) – xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Incompetence (legal) – xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Infitar – xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Ingratitude – xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Inheritance – xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Injeel – (see Injil)

Injil – xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Injustice – xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Innovation – xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Insan – xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Insan al-Kamil – xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Insan al-Ma – xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Insane – xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Insanity – xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Insh’Allah – xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Insha’ Allah (as exception to oath) – xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Inshiqaq – xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Inshirah – xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Instructing the Dead (after burial) – xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Interest - xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Intifada – xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Iq’a – xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Iqama – xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Iqamah – (see Iqama)

Iqbal, Muhammad – (Sir Muhammad Iqbal) xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Iqra – xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Iqrar – xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Iranian Revolutionary Guard – xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Iran-Iraq War – xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Iraqi, Wali Al-Din (Al-Iraqi) – xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Iraqi, Zayn Al-Din (Al-Iraqi) – xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Irth - xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Irving, Thomas – xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Isa – xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Isamail – (see Ishmael)

Isha – Last of 5 daily prayers xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Isha (Salut-ul-Isha) – xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Ishaaq – xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Ishaq – xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Ishaq Ibn Rahawayh – xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Ishma’ili – (see Ishmaeli)

Ishmael – xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Ishmaeli – xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Ishtirak - xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Islah – xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Islam – xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Islamic Economics – xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Islamic Law – (see Sharia)

Islamic Medicine – xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Isma – xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Isma’il – (see Ishmael)

Ismaili – (see Ishmaeli)

Isnad - xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Isra (al-Isra) – xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Isra’iliyyat – xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Israel - xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Israfil - xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Issa - xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Istanbul – xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Istidraj – xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Istighatha – xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Istihada - xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Istihsan – xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Istikhara - xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Istikharat – xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Istinja - xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Istinshaq - xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Istishab – xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Istislah – xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Istislam – xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Istisna - xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Istisqa – xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Istiwa - xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Ithim - xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Ithna’shariya – xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Itidal - xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Itikaf – xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Itlaq – xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Ittihad – xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Iyad, Qadi – xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Izz Ibn Abd Al-Salam (Al-Izz) – xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Izzat – (Urdu) – xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

 

J

Ja’ala – see Job wages.

Jabal al-Rahma (at ‘Arafa) – see Jabal un Nur

Jabal ‘Arafat - see Jabal un Nur

Jabal un Nur – The mountain where Muhammad received his first revelation.

Jabala ibn Al-Ayham – xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Jabir – Solid, strong – xxxxxxxxx

Jabir Al-Jufi – xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Jabiyah – xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Jabr – Lit. predestination. There was considerable debate between various groups after Muhammad’s death concerning the issue of predestination and free will. The overriding mood in Islam is towards predestination as it is difficult to promote free will alongside Allah’s omnipotence and omniscience. However, the early Muslims were aware of the tension between God’s omnipotence and human moral responsibility. Al-Ashari resolve the issue by declaring that the power to act belongs to God, but the specific choice of action belong to human beings. (See also Qadar) – KW

Jabr – Rectification of excesses or shortfalls by means of prostrations for forgetfulness in prayer.  - KW

Jacob – (Yacoub) xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Jadha – A two-year-old goat. – JP

Jafaf as-Sadiq – xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Jafar – xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Ja’fari – see Jafari

Jafari - xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Jafari School - xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Jafra – A four-month-old goat. – JP

Jahaliya - see Jahiliyyah

Jahangi (Emperor Jahangi) – Readopted Islam as the state religion. – WII

Jahannam - Hell

Jahannum - see Jahannam

Jahiliya - see Jahiliyyah

Jahiliyah - see Jahiliyyah

Jahiliyya - see Jahiliyyah

Jahiliyyah - Derived from the Arabic word Jahila, “to be ignorant.” Muslims claim that the pre-Islamic period in Arabia was the “age of ignorance Age of Ignorance” and the state of primitive savagery. – GSI

Jahm ibn Safwan – xxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Jahmiyya School – xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Jaili, ‘Abd Al-Karim – xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Jaiz – A canonically permissible deed. – IC

Ja’iz – see Jaiz

Jalal - Lit. majesty. One of the two complementary aspects or attributes of Allah and one of the 99 divine names. The other aspect is Jamal (beauty). It is the interplay of these two that keeps the universe in motion and maintains the flow of created life. Muhammad is believed by many traditional Muslims to have been endowed with both Jalal and Jamal. Jalal has been compared with Rudolph Otto’s idea of the tremendum aspect of the Divine. kwgh-I Jamaat) – KW

Jallaba - A covering. Something a women will use to cover her body.

Jallala - And animal that consumes filth. – JP

Jalula (Battle of Jalula) – xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Jam’ - Combining prayers.

Jama’a - A Congregation.

Jama’at – A group, an association, and assembly, a congregation, an organization, or a political party. – GSI

Jamaat - Lit. The party of God. An Islamic group committed to Da’wa activities to promote the correct practice of Islam in the Muslim world. In this respect the term has a modern usage, what was originally used by Muhammad to describe the complete body of Muslims (Jama’at Al-Muslimin) or the totality of the body politic. (See also Ikhwan Al-Muslimum, Jamaat-I Islami, Tabli – seminary)

Jamaat-i Islami – A movement founded in 1941 by Maulana Mawdudi (1904-80) to provide you with instruction in Islam. The Jamaat-i Islami was created to establish Mawdudi’s vision of an Islamic state in Pakistan. Although it never achieved mass support, especially in rural areas, its organizational ability and attraction to the urban middle-classes provided it with enough influence to impact on various governments. The Jamaat-i Islami is essentially anti-clerical and recruits extensively from the universities of the subcontinent. They provide a similar model of organization and ideological believe to the Ikhwan Al-Muslimum in Egypt founded by Hasan Al-Banna. – KW

Jamaati Islami – the Islamic Group, located primarily in the Indian subcontinent. (see Jammat-i Islami).

Jamaat-Khana – a gathering of disciples meeting with their Shaikh to perform dhikr (remembrance of Allah) or listening to him preach. It would usually be inside the dwelling place of the Shaikh and his family. (See also Tariqa) – KW

Jamahiriyyah – Lit. ”popular democracy.” Libya claims to have one, but it is actually an autocratic state that has been governed by Muammar Gaddafi since 1969. – GSI

Jamal - Lit. beauty. One of the two complementary aspects or attributes of Allah and one of the 99 divine names. The other aspect is Jalal (majesty). Is the interplay of these two that keeps the universe in motion and maintains the flow of created life. (See also Jalal) – KW

Ja’mat-I-Islami Party - (see Jammat-i Islami)

Jami - “mosque”. Muslim house of worship.

Jami’at - (see Jamaat)

Jamiat - (see Jamaat)

Jamila bint Asim – xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Jamiyat - (see Jamaat)

Jamiyat - (see Jamaat)

Jamiyat al-Dawa Wa-’l-Irshad – “Society for propagation and guidance”.

Jamra - (Plural Jamarat) One of the three locations in Mina at which couples are thrown during the last days of Hajj.jp

Jamrat al-’Akaba – xxxxxxxxxxxx

Jamrat al-Aqaba – the location at which couples are to be cast during the pilgrimage, especially on the 10th day of Hajj. – JP

Jamrate al-Kubra – xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Janaba – Erection.  xxxxxxxxxx

Janaba - Major form of ritual impurity arising from sexual activity. – JP

Janabah - great defilements necessitating the ghusl before the ritual prayer is to be rendered. – IC

Janaza - Plural jana’iz; body of the deceased person; also used to mean the funeral. – JP

Janazah - Funeral rites in Islam. – ID

Janin - Unborn baby still in mother’s womb.

Janissaries - xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx wi

Janissary - xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx – HAP

Janjaweed - Arab Muslim Sudanese militia. They have embarked on an ethnic cleansing campaign against other Sudanese by means of genocide, rape, and slavery because they do not subscribe to the strict code of sharia law, which the government of Sudan would like to impose on them. – J2J

Janna - (see Jannah)

Jannah - Heaven, Paradise, garden.

Jannah - (see Jannah)

Jarh Wa Ta’dil – xxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Jassasa - A legendary beast associated with the antichrist. – TLT

Jawarih (al-Jawaria) – Beasts were birds of prey. – JP

Jawciyya, Ibn Gayyim (Al-Jawciyya, Ibn Gayyim) – xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Jawrabayn – Socks. – JP

Jawza - The Adam’s Apple located in the neck.

Jawzi, ‘Add al-Rahman Ibn – xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Jaysh - Army, militant group. KARIM

Jaza’iri, ‘Abed al-Qadir – xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Jazar, Fath Allah Ya Sin – xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Jaziri, ‘Abd al-Rahman – xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Jeddah - City located in Saudi Arabia.

Jerusalem - xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Jesus - For Muslims the proper name is Isa. In Islam, Jesus is not the “Son of God.” Jesus is neither God nor does he have divine attributes. He is not one of a Trinity. Muslims believe that he was born of the Virgin Mary (Miriam). In fact they believe that he spoke as an infant. They do not believe that he died on the cross. Most Muslims believe someone died on the cross, but it was not Jesus, but someone whom God made to look like Jesus. Muslims believe Jesus will come again one day to rescue the Mahdi as he is besieged and the Holy Mosque. Jesus will defeat the Mahdi’s enemies. Afterwards, Jesus will swear allegiance the Mahdi. According to Muslim beliefs, Jesus was a Muslim, along with Abraham, and all the other prophets, all the way down to Adam. Jesus was a man, just like the prophets before him.

Jewelry - xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Jews - include Beni Nadir clan, Beni Qaynuqa clan, Beni Qurayzah clan, xxxxxxxxxxxxx

Jiba’il - (see Jibril)

Jibreel - (see Jibril)

Jibril - Lit. Gabriel. The Angel who always appears to Allah’s chosen prophets as the messenger of God. The revelation of the Quran to Muhammad came through Jibril and Miriam (Mary) received a visitation when told that she was about to give birth to Isa (Jesus). – KW

Jihad - “to struggle, strive or exert”. Often this translated his holy war, this term can apply to any exertion and God’s cause. Examples range from going to school and the woman making the Hajj to fighting a war or giving up a bad habit. – ID

Jihad - lit. Striving. The term refers to the duty imposed by the Quran upon every Muslim to struggle against evil wilst walking the path of Allah. It is both the inner struggle against the manifestations of sin in oneself and the outer struggle to promote Islam and protect the faith against its enemies. In this latter context jihad is often been interpreted to be “Holy War” either against polytheists, or Christians and Jews that threaten the security of Islam. The genuine jihad has to be carefully defined by criteria laid down in the Sharia and led by an Imam for Muslim head of state. The main criterion is that it must be fought only to protect the faith and not be used for any lesser temporal motive. A famous saying of Muhammad states that after returning from fighting he told his companions that “this was the lesser jihad, I will now show you the greater jihad”. It was explained that the latter jihad constituted the battle against carnal desire and the purification of the inner being. The emphasis on the inner jihad has been mostly followed by the Sufis. Some 20th-century revivalist movements have declared jihad the sixth pillar of Islam. They are usually emphasizing the duty of Muslims to struggle to promote their faith amongst lapsed members of the community and the apparent threat to Islamic values from globalization of Western values. (See also Jihiliya, Shahid) kw

Jihad - literally, “to strive” or “struggle”; in Islam it means “to struggle in the way of God.” Jihad is a” holy struggle” sanctioned by the ulama and fought against aggressors and tyrants. It also refers to the spiritual struggle waged against one’s only baser instincts. gsi

Jihad - striving on behalf of the faith, known also as the” Holy War”. – IC

Jihad (Al-Jihad) – holy war organization. – POH

Jihad Al-Akbar – literally “the greater Jihad.” Spiritual or personal struggle against one’s soul (nafs).

Jihad - War prescribed for Muslims.

Jihad-i-Akbar – the greatest “holy struggle”; a peaceful, spiritual struggle against one’s baser instincts. GSI

Jihad-i-Asghar – the smaller “holy struggle”; the military campaign waged against aggressors and tyrants.

Jilani Abd al-Qadir – xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Jimar - Plural of Jamra. – JP

Jinn - “Hidden Ones” the term used for class of invisible spirits that inhabit another dimension. They can communicate with us only through their minds. There are good and evil jinn. The caricature of the genii is based on this creature. – ID

Jinn - “spirits” two types: evil unhelpful. – IC

Jinn - a supernatural life form that Allah created from fire as opposed to humankind who were created from Earth. Tradition states that Mohammad was sent to preach to them and some became Muslims. It is even stated that Muhammad first believe that he was under attack by jinn when he received the first revelations of the Quran. There are many Imams who were taught how to exercise bad jinns during their training at the Dar Al-Ulum or religious schools. In village traditions, jinn are often blamed for mental and physical illnesses and misfortune. – KW

Jinn - genies; some of them are good Muslims, while others are bad. They are created from smoke. – TLT

Jirga - a tribal Council of respected elders at which major political, economic, social, and legal issues are discussed in decisions made; it plays an important role in Afghanistan and northern Pakistan. – GSI

Jiwar - protection granted an outsider in pre-Islamic Arabia usually the result of dwelling in the haram of a sanctuary. IC

Jizya - Tribute paid by non-Muslims (Dhimmis) under the rule of Muslims. Sometimes referred to as the “Poll-Tax.” Islamic law indicates that non-Muslims (Dhimmis, People of the Book) should have additional taxes levied on them (KW). This is done with the idea that non-Muslims should pay “protection money.”

Jizyah - (see Jizya)

Job (Ayyub) – xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

John (Yahya) – xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

John the Baptist – xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Joining Two Prayers – xxxxxxxxxxxx

Joking - xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Jonah (Yunus) – xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Jordan - xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Joseph (Yusuf) – xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Juba – a cloak of wool traditionally given by a Pir or Shaikh in the Sufi tradition to his successor or Khalifa. (See also Silsila)  - KW

Judgement Day – xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Judges - see Qadi.

Judham Tribe – xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Julus - “sitting on base of heels”. Sixth and eighth steps in the ritual prayer. – IC

Juma – “Gathering.”  The weekly congregational prayer and attendance at the sermon, held on Friday (usually done by 2pm). Traditionally, this is the least amount of moque attendance allowed.

Juma Namaz (Urdu) – (see Juma)

Jumada al-Awwal – First Dry Month. – ID

Jumada Al-Qula – The first month of dryness. – WII

Jumada ath-Thani – Second Dry Month. – ID

Jumada-th-Thaniyyah – The second month of dryness. – WII

Jum’ah – (See Juma)

Jumu’a – (see Juma)

Jumua - (see Juma)

Jumu’ah (Salat-ul-Jumu’ah) – see Juma

Junayd - xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Junub - xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Junub - A person who has acquired a major ritual impurity. – JP

Jurdani, Muhammad ‘Abdullah -xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Justice - xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Juwayni, Abu Al-Ma’ali - xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Juwayriya – xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

 

K

• Kaaba –  This test word is to test the layout of the new system.

• Kafir -  This test word is to test the layout of the new system.

• Khllafa -  This test word is to test the layout of the new system.

• Kufr -  This test word is to test the layout of the new system.

• xxxxx  -  This test word is to test the layout of the new system.

• xxxxx  -  This test word is to test the layout of the new system.

• xxxxx  -  This test word is to test the layout of the new system.

• xxxxx  -  This test word is to test the layout of the new system.

• xxxxx  -  This test word is to test the layout of the new system.

 

L

• Lian -  This test word is to test the layout of the new system.

• xxxxx  -  This test word is to test the layout of the new system.

• xxxxx  -  This test word is to test the layout of the new system.

• xxxxx  -  This test word is to test the layout of the new system.

• xxxxx  -  This test word is to test the layout of the new system.

• xxxxx  -  This test word is to test the layout of the new system.

 

M

• Mecca –  This test word is to test the layout of the new system.

• Medina –  This test word is to test the layout of the new system.

• Mufti –  An expert in Islamic law (Sharia), able to issue official legal decrees (fatwas).

• Mahr -  This test word is to test the layout of the new system.

• Makrah -  This test word is to test the layout of the new system.

• Maslaba -  This test word is to test the layout of the new system.

• Masal? -  This test word is to test the layout of the new system.

• Musbaf -  This test word is to test the layout of the new system.

• Mubttra?  -  This test word is to test the layout of the new system.

• Muftr -  This test word is to test the layout of the new system.

• Mubsan -  This test word is to test the layout of the new system.

• Muballil -  This test word is to test the layout of the new system.

• Mujmal -  This test word is to test the layout of the new system.

• Mujtahid -  This test word is to test the layout of the new system.

• Mulacana?  -  This test word is to test the layout of the new system.

• Muslim -  This test word is to test the layout of the new system.

• Mosque -  This test word is to test the layout of the new system.

• Minaret -  This test word is to test the layout of the new system.

• xxxxx  -  This test word is to test the layout of the new system.

• xxxxx  -  This test word is to test the layout of the new system.

• xxxxx  -  This test word is to test the layout of the new system.

 

N

• Nabbash -  This test word is to test the layout of the new system.

• Najasa -  This test word is to test the layout of the new system.

• Najis -  This test word is to test the layout of the new system.

• Naskh -  This test word is to test the layout of the new system.

• Nikab -  This test word is to test the layout of the new system.

• Nikab Al-Muballil  -  This test word is to test the layout of the new system.

• xxxxx  -  This test word is to test the layout of the new system.

• xxxxx  -  This test word is to test the layout of the new system.

• xxxxx  -  This test word is to test the layout of the new system.

 

O

• xxxxx  -  This test word is to test the layout of the new system.

• xxxxx  -  This test word is to test the layout of the new system.

• xxxxx  -  This test word is to test the layout of the new system.

• xxxxx  -  This test word is to test the layout of the new system.

• xxxxx  -  This test word is to test the layout of the new system.

• xxxxx  -  This test word is to test the layout of the new system.

 

P

• People of the Book –  This test word is to test the layout of the new system.

• Prayer –  See Salat.

• xxxxx  -  This test word is to test the layout of the new system.

• xxxxx  -  This test word is to test the layout of the new system.

• xxxxx  -  This test word is to test the layout of the new system.

• xxxxx  -  This test word is to test the layout of the new system.

• xxxxx  -  This test word is to test the layout of the new system.

• xxxxx  -  This test word is to test the layout of the new system.

• xxxxx  -  This test word is to test the layout of the new system.

 

Q

• Qibla -  This test word is to test the layout of the new system.

• Qisas -  This test word is to test the layout of the new system.

• Qada –   This test word is to test the layout of the new system.

• xxxxx  -  This test word is to test the layout of the new system.

• xxxxx  -  This test word is to test the layout of the new system.

• xxxxx  -  This test word is to test the layout of the new system.

 

R

• Ramadan –  This test word is to test the layout of the new system.

• Ra?m –  This test word is to test the layout of the new system.

• xxxxx  -  This test word is to test the layout of the new system.

• xxxxx  -  This test word is to test the layout of the new system.

• xxxxx  -  This test word is to test the layout of the new system.

• xxxxx  -  This test word is to test the layout of the new system.

• xxxxx  -  This test word is to test the layout of the new system.

• xxxxx  -  This test word is to test the layout of the new system.

• xxxxx  -  This test word is to test the layout of the new system.

 

S

• Salat –  This test word is to test the layout of the new system.

• Sunnah -  This test word is to test the layout of the new system.

• Sadaq -  This test word is to test the layout of the new system.

• Sadaqa -  This test word is to test the layout of the new system.

• Sahih -  This test word is to test the layout of the new system.

• Shahid -  This test word is to test the layout of the new system.

• Sharia -  This test word is to test the layout of the new system.

• Sifa -  This test word is to test the layout of the new system.

• xxxxx  -  This test word is to test the layout of the new system.

• xxxxx  -  This test word is to test the layout of the new system.

• xxxxx  -  This test word is to test the layout of the new system.

• xxxxx  -  This test word is to test the layout of the new system.

• xxxxx  -  This test word is to test the layout of the new system.

• xxxxx  -  This test word is to test the layout of the new system.

• xxxxx  -  This test word is to test the layout of the new system.

 

T

• Tahir -  This test word is to test the layout of the new system.

• Tablzl -  This test word is to test the layout of the new system.

• Talqa Wabida -  This test word is to test the layout of the new system.

• Tazwrj -  This test word is to test the layout of the new system.

• xxxxx  -  This test word is to test the layout of the new system.

• xxxxx  -  This test word is to test the layout of the new system.

• xxxxx  -  This test word is to test the layout of the new system.

• xxxxx  -  This test word is to test the layout of the new system.

• xxxxx  -  This test word is to test the layout of the new system.

 

U

• Uhr -  This test word is to test the layout of the new system.

• Umma –  This test word is to test the layout of the new system.

• Usal al-Fiqh –  This test word is to test the layout of the new system.

• xxxxx  -  This test word is to test the layout of the new system.

• xxxxx  -  This test word is to test the layout of the new system.

• xxxxx  -  This test word is to test the layout of the new system.

• xxxxx  -  This test word is to test the layout of the new system.

• xxxxx  -  This test word is to test the layout of the new system.

• xxxxx  -  This test word is to test the layout of the new system.

 

V

• xxxxx  -  This test word is to test the layout of the new system.

• xxxxx  -  This test word is to test the layout of the new system.

• xxxxx  -  This test word is to test the layout of the new system.

• xxxxx  -  This test word is to test the layout of the new system.

• xxxxx  -  This test word is to test the layout of the new system.

• xxxxx  -  This test word is to test the layout of the new system.

 

W

• Wahib -  This test word is to test the layout of the new system.

• Wttjib -  This test word is to test the layout of the new system.

• xxxxx  -  This test word is to test the layout of the new system.

• xxxxx  -  This test word is to test the layout of the new system.

• xxxxx  -  This test word is to test the layout of the new system.

• xxxxx  -  This test word is to test the layout of the new system.

 

X

• xxxxx  -  This test word is to test the layout of the new system.

• xxxxx  -  This test word is to test the layout of the new system.

• xxxxx  -  This test word is to test the layout of the new system.

• xxxxx  -  This test word is to test the layout of the new system.

• xxxxx  -  This test word is to test the layout of the new system.

• xxxxx  -  This test word is to test the layout of the new system.

 

Y

• xxxxx  -  This test word is to test the layout of the new system.

• xxxxx  -  This test word is to test the layout of the new system.

• xxxxx  -  This test word is to test the layout of the new system.

• xxxxx  -  This test word is to test the layout of the new system.

• xxxxx  -  This test word is to test the layout of the new system.

• xxxxx  -  This test word is to test the layout of the new system.

 

Z

• Zihar -  This test word is to test the layout of the new system.

• Zina -  This test word is to test the layout of the new system.

• Zamzam -  This test word is to test the layout of the new system.

• Zakat -  This test word is to test the layout of the new system.

• xxxxx  -  This test word is to test the layout of the new system.

• xxxxx  -  This test word is to test the layout of the new system.

• xxxxx  -  This test word is to test the layout of the new system.

• xxxxx  -  This test word is to test the layout of the new system.

 

 

 

 

Sources

^{ICF & 1 –} Zwemer, Samuel Marinus. Islam: A Challenge to Faith. New York: Student Volunteer Movement for Foreign Missions, 1908.

^{KW & 2 –} Geaves, Ron. Key Words in Islam. Washington, D.C.: Georgetown University Press, 2006.

^{HB & 3 –} Muhammad Ibn Ismail Bukhari. Sahih al-Bukhari. Al Saadawi Publications, 1996.

^{CEI & 4 –} Newby, Gordon. A Concise Encyclopedia of Islam. 2002.

^{YALI & 5 –} Ali, Abdullah Yusuf. The Meaning of the Holy Quran. Amana Publications. 2001.

^{QMO & 6 –} Pickthall, Mohammed Marmaduke. The Glorious Quran. Tahrike Tarsile. 2001.

^HB Brown, Jonathan A.C. Hadith. England: Oneworld Publications. 2009.

^TLT Shahid, Samuel. The Last Trumpet. Xulan Press. 2005.

^WII Horrie, Chris & Chippendale, Peter. What is Islam? London: Virgin Books LTD. 2007.

^CI Farah, Caesar. Islam – Beliefs and Observances. Barron’s Educational Series, Inc. 2000.

^POH Goodwin, Jan. Price of Honor. New Baskerville: Penguin Books LTD. 2003.

^THM Rogerson, Barnaby. The Heirs of Muhammad. Woodstock and New York: Overlook Press. 2007.

^CII Emerick, Yahiya. The Complete Idiot’s Guide to…Islam. USA: Alpha Books. 2002.

^J2J Rassamni, Jerry. From Jihad to Jesus. Chattanooga: Living Ink Books. 2006.

^HAP Hourani, albert. A History of the Arab Peoples. Cambridge: The Belnap Press of Harvard University Press. 1991.

^GSI Husain, Mir Zohair. Islam & The Muslim World. USA: McGraw-Hill. 2006

^JP Rushd, Ibn. The Distinguished Jurist’s Primer. Lebanon. Garnet Publishing. 1994

^DI Hughes, Thomas Patrick. A Dictionary of Islam. London. W.H. Allen & Co. 1885